فصلنامه راهور
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1389)

One of the driving manoeuvres in suburbia two line roads is overtaking. In this manoeuvre, the only way for passing trady vehicle is to depart to the opposite way. And this line has also traffic load in the opposite direction conducting this manoeuvre is accompanied with some dangers. And if it is not carried out safely, it will causes severe accidents. So, knowing the decision making manner and driver's overtaking behavior in such roads makes substantial assistance to safety analyses, service level and function of traffic movement models. Applied behavior and strategies by the drivers are considered effective factors in decision making, enforcement and accomplishment of overtaking manoeuvre. In this research, driver's behavior was investigated as the main factor in overtaking manoeuvre in three parts: vehicle pursuance, line change and gap acceptance. In the remainder, all the applied strategies by the drivers while carring out the manoeuvre were investigated. In the end, with the assistance of achieved results from these investigations a model was presented for decision making manner and carring out manoeuvre in suburban two lines roads. Results of the investigations showed that psychological factors are ingredient in pursuance behavior, line change and gap acceptance. Mainspring in line changing is favorite speed conservation. Besides human factor, near line traffic situation are affective in gap acceptance. Applied strategies by the drivers go back to road traffic situation and also to the mental condition of the drivers. in the presented decision making model for overtaking manoeuvre suitable gap and distance of sufficient vision were counted the main factors conducting overtaking.

In Transportation Master Plans (TMPs) of cities of Iran and in scenario evaluation phase, the best scenario was usually selected according to network performance measures and economical evaluation did not have important role. Therefore, in Oroomieh and Arak Transportation Master Plans, economical evaluation was considered in scenario evaluation and benefit-cost analysis was applied. To determine benefits and costs of private transportation (automobiles), it was required to determine what impacts scenarios had on whom and to estimate monetary values of impacts. It was estimated that total cost of autos impacts are 7440 and 9570 Iranian Rials (IRR) in Oroomieh and Arak respectively. Around 30% of total cost is incurred by users and the rets is incurred by society. Accidents have the highest proportion of total cost. Operation costs which are the most sensible costs to users have a little proportion of total cost. Therefore, contrary to the great social cost of autos, people prefer to use autos for their trips. It is recommended that users should pay some parts of accidents social costs to control auto ownership.

It is quite clear that the idea of replacing leveled intersection with unleveled intersection brings up, when a problem arises at leveled intersection and other intersections are not their predetermined needs. Here in this essay, in first step, we introduce kinds of unleveled intersections and compare their features and positive & negative points. Also, we present some measures to select the suitable unleveled intersection. Then, having a look at replacing leveled intersection with unleveled intersection shows that in order to evaluate and find suitable intersection, we need some parameters to compare different items on that basis. These parameters are: access control, reduce traffic congestion, increase safety, area topography, benefit of users, traffic capacity, network investigation and determining effective intersection to replace. Finally, effect parameters for the situation of Iran have been suggested.

This research has been done to investigate the effect of aggravating traffic police plans to reduce accidents & violations (case – study of karaj. chalous road, 1386). The research method has been field research. The statistical society of this research consists of drivers of kandovan road and traffic liables (rural traffic police, emergency, road department and police). According to the kokran chart, 250 people of motor. Vehicle drivers and 30 of traffic authorities are the symbol of this research. In order to choose the symbols, we use cluster sampling. In order to gather statistics, we use two ways: library and questionnaire method. Also, in this research we use descriptive statistical methods to analyze datas and inference statistics and in order to test research theories, we use T. statistical test and K.test. On the basis of these results, aggravating traffic plans by police and interaction with other related systems, was effective to reduce traffic, accidents, violations and psychic effects of traffic at karaj. chalous road.

This research article has been done to investigate the stress rate of traffic police officers and also recognize the relation among the stress felling of officers with individual and institutional factors of job satisfaction, and external factors of job satisfaction (external factors). Here. We have used two questionnaire types: researcher made and stress of Iran police (IPSS). The researcher gets his information, using these two questionnaires and random cluster sampling, and sample volume of 200.The statistical society of this research consists of all personnel (officers, senior officers, employees), 1387, which are almost 2000 members.in descriptive analysis, we have used central indicators (average, mode,…) and dispersion (criteria deviation, variance) and we have analyzed all statistical data, using. Spss software. The hypothesizes have been analyzed, using spriman connection index test at deduction level, and explain the research hypothesis, using regression analysis. The result of this research shows significant difference among various factors of personnel stress and also, logical relation among stress of personnel and individual, institutional and external factors.

After renaissance, emergence and increasing knowledge at industry section and application of motor vehicles in human society and necessity of road construction, causes the governments to concentrate on codifying laws and also increasing road safety to ensure, the health of society. In this path, we have exploited new science and techniques and traffic knowledge plays an important role to reduce, fatalities. For example we can mention the creation of road lines and the next stage, glass pieces together with traffic colors which are used to increase night vision. in this essay we will attempt to address the introduction and application of library and document method for road lines. Traffic colors for ruling streets should be in such a way that even in rainy weather, the road would be seen. During the day, linings have been seen because of their contrast with dark road. but during the night the factors that that make the lines visible is the presence of glass pieces and without these glass pieces the lines are invisible. Glass pieces reflect vehicles light to it’s source that is return reflection. Actually, we can use the road lines in best way to reduce and to minimize other contributory elements in the occurance of road accidents with the suitable vision. The process of producing glass pieces are as follow, choosing the best glass for carrying to the factory and storing, breaking, washing, drying, putting into oven, sifting, loading and packing. So, we should use the best materials and standards and machines and experts to prepare lining colors.

Human factor is the main cause of accidents and other factors like way and vehicles are less important. Meanwhile, these factors are finally related to human factors. Therefore, we should educate and train human power in order to prevent driving injuries and increase driving culture and to create commitment toward society and rules and develop permanent security in society and promote social interactions. Despite various efforts in education of culture making and traffic safety by mass media and traffic center (announces and TV publicity films and educational essays at newspapers), but actually positive changes don’t occure. In the remaider, the disfunctions of these programs are investigated.

Traffic caming involves roadway designs that reduce traffic speeds. Speed enforcement can be improved, using conventional or newer techniques described in the present article. Various strategies can be used to reduce traffic speeds on arterials, highways and rural roadways. New and existing streets can be designed to be narrower. Driver education and public service announcements can be used to discourage speeding. Signage can be improved, including signs that display the speed of vehicles as they drive by. Traffic signals synchronization can be optimized for lower traffic speeds, and signal progression on urban arterials can be set so that vehicles that maintain legal speeds avoid stopping. Vehicles can incorporate a system that automatically alerts drivers when they exceed speed limits, or prevents speeding altogether. Higher fuel prices tend to reduce traffic speeds, for instance, $0.50 per gallon fuel price increase is found to reduce median uncongested highway traffic speeds by about three-quarters of a mile-per-hour. Drivers tend to maintain a speed that feels comfortable, based on the design (lane width, visibility, clearance) and use (traffic volumes, turning activity, pedestrian activity) of each stretch of roadway. As a result, simply reducing posted speed limits may do little to reduce actual traffic speeds. Effective speed reduction generally requires changing roadway design, or significantly increasing enforcement.